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  • AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY//(VOL. 32, ISSUE 2)

    Volumen: 32, Numero: 2, Páginas: [13]p.

    THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS SCHOOLCHILDREN IN RELATION TO THEIR FEEDING DURING INFANCY

    Abstract

    Objectives Nutrition during the first 3?years of life is critical to neurodevelopment. Native populations experience poverty, inequality, and food insecurity. Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between feeding during infancy and cognitive performance in schoolchildren of rural indigenous communities in Riobamba, Ecuador. Methods Thirty-seven schoolchildren (5?6?years) were recruited. We determined duration of exclusive breastfeeding, weaning age, age of cow's milk incorporation, daily intake of cow's milk, age of solid and liquid incorporation, and sociocultural and anthropometric parameters. Verbal, manipulative, and total intelligence quotients were evaluated with Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Results Means of verbal, manipulative, and total intelligence quotient scores were 86.46?±?11.55, 96.39?±?9.96, and 89.25?±?10.43, respectively. Children were exclusively breastfed until 6.83?±?3.97?months and weaned at 17.17?± 5.58?months. Age of cow's milk incorporation was 12.58?±?6.06?months, with a daily intake of 737.50?±?417.50?mL. Solids were incorporated at 10.11?± 4.43?months and liquids at 7.72?±?3.30?months. Positive associations between duration of exclusive breastfeeding and manipulative (unadjusted: ? = .545, P = .006; r = .491, P = .028; adjusted for children's body mass index, and ethnicity and educational level of mothers: r = .522, P = .041) and total (unadjusted: ? = .483, P = .017; adjusted: r = .572, P = .036) intelligence quotients were found. Frequency of children with manipulative (?2[2] = 7.093, P = .029) and total (?2[2] = 7.198, P = .027) intelligence quotient ?90 was higher in those exclusively breastfed >6?months. Furthermore, schoolchildren in the >6?months group had better manipulative (101.75?±?9.08 vs 89.71?±?8.56, P = .038) and total (94.50?± 11.89 vs 84.86?±?5.05, P = .036) intelligence quotient than those in the <6?months group, independent of anthropometric and sociocultural factors. Conclusions Longer exclusive breastfeeding was related to better total intelligence quotient in rural indigenous schoolchildren.


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    Resumen

    ObjetivosLa nutrición durante los primeros 3 años de vida es fundamental para el neurodesarrollo. Las poblaciones nativas experimentan pobreza, desigualdad e inseguridad alimentaria. Por ello, analizamos la relación entre la alimentación durante la infancia y el rendimiento cognitivo en escolares de comunidades indígenas rurales de Riobamba, Ecuador.MétodosTreinta y siete escolares (5-6 años) fueron reclutados. Se determinó duración de lactancia materna exclusiva, edad de destete, edad de incorporación a la leche de vaca, consumo diario de leche de vaca, edad de incorporación sólida y líquida, parámetros socioculturales y antropométricos. Los cocientes de inteligencia verbal, manipulativa y total se evaluaron con la Escala de inteligencia preescolar y primaria de Wechsler.ResultadosLas medias de las puntuaciones de los cocientes de inteligencia verbal, manipulativa y total fueron 86,46 ± 11,55, 96,39 ± 9,96 y 89,25 ± 10,43, respectivamente. Los niños fueron amamantados exclusivamente hasta los 6,83 ± 3,97 meses y destetados a los 17,17 ± 5,58 meses. La edad de incorporación a la leche de vaca fue de 12,58 ± 6,06 meses, con una ingesta diaria de 737,50 ± 417,50 mL. Los sólidos se incorporaron a los 10,11 ± 4,43 meses y los líquidos a los 7,72 ± 3,30 meses. Asociaciones positivas entre la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y manipulativa (no ajustada: ? = .545, P = .006; r = .491, P = .028; ajustada por el índice de masa corporal de los niños y el origen étnico y nivel educativo de las madres: r = . 522, p = 0,041) y total (sin ajustar:? = .483, p = .017; ajustado: r = .572, p = .036) se encontraron cocientes de inteligencia. La frecuencia de niños con cociente de inteligencia manipulativa (? 2 [2] = 7,093, p = 0,029) y total (? 2 [2] = 7,198, p = 0,027) ?90 fue mayor en aquellos amamantados exclusivamente >6 meses. Además, los escolares del grupo >6 meses tenían un mejor cociente de inteligencia manipulativa (101,75 ± 9,08 frente a 89,71 ± 8,56, p = 0,038) y total (94,50 ± 11,89 frente a 84,86 ± 5,05, p = 0,036) que los del grupo <6 grupo de meses, independiente de factores antropométricos y socioculturales.ConclusionesLa lactancia materna exclusiva más prolongada se relacionó con un mejor coeficiente de inteligencia total en escolares indígenas rurales.


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